From science to industry, teamwork plays a crucial role in knowledge production and innovation. Most studies consider teams as static groups of individuals, thereby failing to capture how the micro-dynamics of collaborative processes and organizational changes determine team success.

Here, we leverage fine-grained temporal data on software development teams from three software ecosystems – Rust, JavaScript, and Python – to gain insights into the dynamics of online collaborative projects.

Our analysis reveals an uneven workload distribution in teams, with stronger heterogeneity correlated with higher success, and the early emergence of a lead developer carrying out the majority of work.

Moreover, we find that a sizeable fraction of projects experience a change of lead developer, with such a transition being more likely in projects led by inexperienced users.

Finally, we show that leadership change is associated with faster success growth.

Our work contributes to a deeper understanding of the link between team evolution and success in collaborative processes.

L. Betti, L. Gallo, J. Wachs, F. Battiston, The dynamics of leadership and success in software development teams, Nature Communications 16(1) (2025) 3956.