This study explores a prey-predator model in which prey individuals adapt strategies governed by the hawk-dove game, capturing the evolutionary consequences of strategic behavior under predation pressure.

The model couples a replicator equation describing the evolution of prey strategies with differential equations representing the population dynamics of prey and predators. Fear effects induced by predators are incorporated into prey fitness, influencing their reproductive success.

Our analysis reveals a wide range of complex dynamical behaviors, including codimension-one and codimension-two bifurcations, bistability, and saddle-node bifurcations of limit cycles. To assess the influence of model parameters, we perform sensitivity analysis using Latin hypercube sampling and partial rank correlation coefficients, identifying key drivers of system behavior.

We also examine density variations in prey and predator populations to further characterize the system’s intricate dynamics. Numerical simulations support and further illustrate the theoretical results.

S. Karmakar, N. Mondal, G. Samanta, M. Perc, Prey-predator dynamics with adaptive hawk-dove strategies, Chaos Solitons & Fractals 200 (2025) 116934.